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Repeated sun exposure causes structural changes in the skin. Erythema (reddening) of the skin, commonly referred to as sunburn, are the effects of relatively short term exposure (1). 

The erythema is followed by activation of melanocytes which increases the rate of melanin production, causing skin tanning. Irreversible loss of skin elasticity, photo-aging, and development of skin cancers are the long term effects of sun exposure (2).

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major cause of skin damage. UVA rays penetrates more deeply than UVB and can cause long-term skin damage, premature ageing, and produce a short-term tan. UVB, the main cause of sunburn, triggers melanin production and stimulates cells to produce a thicker e ... ...