News
FPS: PRODUCTION SCALE STERILE CONTAINED MICRONIZATION SYSTEM
FPS Food and Pharma Systems is a leading company in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical fields, developing, manufacturing and installing worldwide its own range of Fine Size Reduction machines and Containment Solutions (Sterile and Highly Potent API).
One of the most important projects of this year has been the construction of a production scale sterile contained micronization system that was delivered to a pharmaceutical manufacturer in Spain last July. The equipment, designed to be installed across different floors, is composed of a glovebox to discharge the batches from a filter dryer without affecting the product sterility; a jet mill isolator provides a confined environment in which the product is micronized; downflow booths are integrated on the airlocks of the pack-off isolator to guarantee the high sterility grade.
The system is fully automated. FPS internally develops the software that controls all the equipment functionalities. The machine is sterilized with both hot steam and VHP. The ground-breaking unit will allow the customer to complete different phases of a sterile production of APIs avoiding the risk of contaminating the product and reducing the operator’s exposure to the potent compound.
www.foodpharmasystems.com
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ELIMINATING SOLVENT BUMPING & FOAMING DURING EVAPORATION
Genevac reports that its proprietary Dri-Pure® technology, available as standard on Series 3 HT, EZ-2 and Rocket Synergy evaporators, enables scientists to rapidly dry their samples without foaming, cross-contamination or loss of sample due to solvent bumping.
The unique Dri-Pure® technology works by reducing pressure in the evaporation chamber in combination with an increase in rotor speed to achieve greater g-force and carefully controlling heat flow to the sample during the pressure ramping stage.
Embedded in the Genevac evaporator software and hardware, Dri-Pure works automatically without need for user intervention eliminating solvent bumping or foaming and enabling controlled ‘sample-safe’ solvent removal in the minimum time. Dri-Pure® offers significant benefits and is widely proven to eliminate cross contamination during parallel evaporation in EZ-2 and HT evaporators. Dri-Pure® on the Rocket Synergy evaporator has been more recently demonstrated to prevent foaming often seen in batch evaporation of large volumes such as are generated by natural product extractions. Combining Dri-Pure® with the auto-stop when dry capability - Genevac evaporators offer truly unattended evaporation freeing scientists to perform other tasks confident that their samples will be dried without cross contamination or thermal damage.
www.spscientific.com/Dri-Pure
salesinfo@genevac.co.uk
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METRION BIOSCIENCES AND PEAKDALE MOLECULAR SIGN INTEGRATED
DRUG DISCOVERY PARTNERSHIP
Peakdale Molecular Limited, a UK-based provider of drug discovery services to the pharmaceutical and biotech industries and part of the Concept Life Sciences Group, has signed a collaboration agreement with Metrion Biosciences Limited, a specialist ion channel contract research organisation, to offer complete Integrated Drug Discovery Programmes to new and existing and new customers for ion channel targets. The Metrion team has an extensive background in ion channel drug discovery, combining expertise of high quality low and medium throughput gigaseal patch clamp assays with highly expert data interpretation.
Currently building upon its portfolio of stem cell and native tissue translational assays, Metrion has played a significant role in over 15 composition of matter patents and the delivery of five ion channel drug candidates. This complements the extensive chemistry and DMPK experience of the Peakdale team who have accrued more than two hundred and fifty man years working on ion channel projects. Commenting on the partnership, Dr Marc Rogers, CSO of Metrion said: “We are very excited to be working in partnership with Peakdale. Their specific ion channel expertise in medicinal chemistry and drug safety compliments the strengths of Metrion, allowing this partnership to offer complete drug discovery programmes to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies”.
Dr Paul Doyle, COO of Peakdale commented: “Our new partnership with Metrion is an exciting step for Peakdale and we are very much looking forward to working with them. The partnership combines the world class capabilities of both companies in ion channel discovery and will enable us to provide a unique offering, which is already gaining traction in the market”.
www.peakdale.co.uk
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CORDENPHARMA ANNOUNCES COMPLETION OF NEW HIGHLY POTENT API PROCESS BAY FOR CATEGORY 4 COMPOUNDS
As part of a long term growth strategy designed to meet increasing customer demands, CordenPharma has completed a recent key investment to strengthen development and manufacturing capabilities for API offerings across its Highly Potent & Oncology Platform. This new investment comes after the completion in early 2016 of a new CTD2 facility for the development and manufacturing of oral solid dosage Highly Potent & Oncology Drug Product compounds in its CordenPharma Plankstadt (Germany) facility, along with further expansion of capabilities in handling sterile Oncology Drug Products at CordenPharma Latina (Italy). The new API process bay, now installed in CordenPharma Colorado (USA), is designed to handle a wide range of chemistries and unit operations with flexible and scalable components up to multi-kg batches. The facility builds on CordenPharma Colorado’s SafeBridge certified 30+ year legacy of safe and reliable production of highly potent APIs. “With the operational qualification now complete, the first cGMP campaign is scheduled to be completed in early Q4 2016,” comments Brian McCudden, President & Managing Director of CordenPharma Colorado. This new addition complements the existing state-of-the-art infrastructure at CordenPharma Colorado, which is equipped to handle highly potent compounds up to OEB Level 5 spanning development to commercial-scale.
Website: www.cordenpharma.com
Inquiries: www.cordenpharma.com/contact-us/
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SOCOREX SMALL VOLUME BOTTLE-TOP DISPENSERS
The CalibrexTM bottle top dispensers are robust instruments with excellent chemical resistance. Intended for the safe and reproducible liquid distribution, the line includes 7 different sizes: 0.1-1 / 0.25-2.5 / 0.5-5 / 1-10 / 2.5-25 / 5-50 / 10-100 mL. CalibrexTM organo 525 includes a ground glass or ceramic plunger, both suited for organics and non-crystallizing solutions. CalibrexTM solutae 530 has a glass or ceramic PFA coated plunger for trouble free distribution of salt solutions, weak and strong acids and bases. Volume setting with a spring-loaded sliding cursor softly moves up and down along dual scale. Optional flow control stopcock for priming dispenser, reagent is recycled without loss or contamination. Valves, plunger, barrel and delivery jet are removable in seconds for cleaning. Printed QR code for instant access to chemical resistance chart. Fully autoclavable at 121°C. Access to calibration mechanism protected by safety seal sticker. Integrated key is located under plunger cap. Each dispenser with own serial number. Stringent quality control attested by an individual certificate. Two-year warranty. Accessories such as extended delivery jet, dispenser holder, set for remote aspiration or telescopic feed tubing extend dispensing possibilities. Check the related video for further details.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=W67dn5I97eo
www.socorex.com
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BENCHTOP CONCENTRATOR ENHANCES FORENSIC SAMPLE PREPARATION
Genevac report on a paper by UK researchers** describing use of its miVac DNA concentrator to provide reliable and efficient sample preparation in the development of a novel forensic method to detect diclofenac residues in vultures and livestock animals. Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is extensively used to treat pain and reduce inflammation in humans and animals. Traditionally, livestock carcasses on the Indian subcontinent and in Africa have been left out by the millions for scavengers, particularly vultures, to consume. Over the last decade several species of the vultures that were the primary consumers of these carcasses face extinction, with diclofenac residues in the livestock carcasses implicated in the cause. To address the difficulty in collecting samples from long dead livestock and vultures - a new GC-MS method, which could detect diclofenac residues in long-lived keratinous matrices, was developed to enable long-term monitoring and conservation work. The method comprised extracting samples of hair, nails and feathers in methanol overnight, drying down the extracts and derivatising with N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1.0 % trimethylchlorosilane (BSTFA 1.0 % TMCS) and ethyl acetate prior to GC-MS analysis. Initially extracted samples were evaporated to dryness at 40ºC under a steady stream of nitrogen in a block heater.
However, this method was time-consuming, inconvenient and results lacked uniformity. Due to the problems the researchers developed a sample concentration methodology using a miVac DNA concentrator. The researchers report in the paper that using the miVac DNA concentrator they were able to dry 44 samples in approximately 15 minutes, a great improvement on the nitrogen blow down system. There were no incidents of partial or incomplete drying, eliminating anomalous results due to poor or incomplete derivatisation. In addition, as the miVac runs free from operator attention and requires no consumables, it is a much more suitable laboratory tool for use in areas were the supply chain of scientific materials may be weak. The miVac DNA concentrator from Genevac is capable of safely and efficiently removing water and organic solvents from biological samples in a variety of formats including tubes, microplates and vials. The miVac DNA system is very simple to use. The “select & set” single control knob control enables even new users to obtain excellent results first time and every time. To improve performance there are built-in stored methods for concentration of water and water / alcohol based samples, which optimise concentration time.
www.evaporatorinfo.com/info10.html
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INFORMATIVE GUIDE TO FLOWMETER SELECTION
Titan Enterprises has published an updated version of its popular 'Top 10 Tips for Selecting a Flowmeter' guide.
Available to download from http://www.flowmeters.co.uk/flowmeters-top-tips.php the document provides informative and unbiased guidance to enable you to select the optimum flowmeter technology for your application. After discussing why you might need a flowmeter the guide then addresses the total life cost of different types of flowmeter technology, the importance of defining operating parameters (flow rate, line pressure, temperature and measurement accuracy required) and the chemical compatibility considerations of your application. The guide also looks at how your selection of the most appropriate flowmeter often can depend on the system it is intended to be a part of. To enable you to compare the 10 most common different flow metering technologies pragmatically the guide provides a helpful pentagram graphic representation for each technology to help you match a flowmeter type to your operating parameters, its cost of ownership, ease of use and the level of support it may require. Finally the guide looks at the importance of following flowmeter installation instructions carefully and offers some helpful troubleshooting checks you can try before having to call out a service engineer to your ‘faulty’ flowmeter. For further information please contact Titan Enterprises on +44-1935-812790 / sales@flowmeters.co.uk.
www.flowmeters.co.uk/flowmeters-top-tips.php
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BIOTAGE® V-10 TOUCH EVAPORATOR – WALK UP, WALK AWAY OPERATION
Biotage® V-10 Touch rapidly dries samples dissolved in both aqueous and organic solvents.
It easily evaporates HPLC fractions from purification, High-boiling point solvents from synthesis and features a novel dry-down onto silica technique for easier dry load capabilities prior to purification. It even evaporates DMSO and NMP at temperatures below 55 °C with an external high vacuum pump, thus enabling the use of such solvents in drug discovery. The capability to evaporate such solvents dramatically reduces work-up time for synthetic reaction mixtures and the turnaround times of dry compound following purification.
Unlike other evaporation systems, the compact V-10 Touch completely dries dissolved samples in minutes without bumping or overheating, and it offers an optional solvent manager, an automation accessory and a liquid handler for unattended evaporation. Biotage® V-10 Touch dramatically reduces work-up of synthetic reaction mixtures. Unlike other evaporation systems, the compact V-10 Touch completely dries dissolved samples in minutes without bumping, overheating, and it can capture up to 98% of the solvent vapors. It is also the only automated open-access system on the market that can combine separation fractions into a vial of choice.
www.biotage.com
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PUROLITE UNVEILS STATE-OF-THE-ART CLASS D CLEAN ROOM IN ROMANIA
Purolite, one of the world’s leading manufacturers of ion-exchange resins, has announced that a new, 96 m3, state-of the art clean room is now operational at its manufacturing facility in Romania. The clean room is equipped for pharmaceutical applications and conforms to all required specifications for Class D microbial limits within cGMP guidelines. It also meets local environmental, safety and health requirements. This facility is specifically designed for production of Purolite’s APIs, excipients and other specialty resin technologies used in Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences product development and manufacturing. Product transfer and handling within the clean room is fully automated, and will require minimal human intervention in the manufacturing process. Operations undertaken within the MiniClean room include wet screening, in-column purification and vacuum drying, utilising state-of-the-art automated equipment.
The facility also includes a designated changing room and packaging area. "We are very excited to have this new facility available for Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical and specialty products," notes Arvind Verulkar of Purolite's cGMP Romanian facility. "This facility will enable us to respond very quickly to customer requests, and even further enhance our quality control processes."
Purolite Romania now has a total of four clean rooms in operation.
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IOI OLEO APPOINTS 2 NEW SALES MANAGERS FOR DACH AND EASTERN EUROPE
Germany-based IOI OLEO has hired 2 new Sales Managers for the Personal Care division with effect from November 1st, 2016. Dr. Marina Overath is taking over the responsibility for the Sales in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) including Russia. She is a Russian native speaker, has an excellent technical background as a chemist as well as many years of international experience in the personal care industry, and will represent IOI’s specialty raw materials business.
Insa Waller completed her studies in Cosmetic Science with a thesis and publication on “In-Vivo Corneometry and Tewametry” carried out at Rahn AG, Switzerland. This work won an award assigned by the scientific Jury of SEPAWA in 2015. Insa Waller has experience as a formulator in the personal care industry and will reinforce IOI’s technical sales team, being responsible for Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
www.ioioleo.de
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WHEATON TO HOST LEARNING LOUNGE AT AAPS ON EXTRACTABLES PROFILING OF DRUG PACKAGING MATERIALS AND FEATURES OF NEW FUSION MATERIAL
WHEATON® hosted a Learning Lounge session at the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists annual meeting (AAPS), Tuesday, November 15th, 12:30-12:50pm, in the Exhibit Hall of the Colorado Convention Centre, Denver. The session, entitled "Selecting the Best Primary Packaging Container Based on its Extractables Profile" offers an ideal introduction to the important topic of extractables and leachables and the problems they pose in packaging drug products. The Learning Lounge presentation featured information on the extractables profiles of different commonly used packaging materials and will highlight the new FUSION material used to produce WHEATON's innovative DualFUSION Vials. Attendees of WHEATON's Learning Lounge gained a better understanding of the risks posed by chemicals that can leach out of conventional packaging materials manufactured from medical grade polymers and compromise the safety and efficacy of drug products. The session described the need to test packaging materials to identify potential leachables and establish an extractables profile. Relevant USP guidelines and testing protocols were discussed.
The AAPS meeting took place November 13-17 in the Colorado Convention Centre, Denver, CO. The Learning Lounge was located in the Exhibit Hall. WHEATON: Booth 1732. Medical grade polymers such as Cyclic Olefin Polymer (COP) and Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) are often the basic components used to manufacture drug packaging materials. However, a broad range of chemicals may be added to these resins for manufacturing purposes. Leachables and extractables testing is critical to determine which of these chemicals might be able to leach into the drug product. Session participants learned about WHEATON's new purpose-built FUSION material, which combines the best properties of both plastic and glass - a strong, lightweight, and crack-resistant plastic outer surface combined with an inert, protective glass-like inner surface that has outstanding barrier performance. WHEATON used Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) Technology to fuse an organosilicate protective layer with a silica-like (SiO2) barrier layer and to fuse that glass-like layer to a Cyclic Olefin Polymer shell to form a robust covalently bonded material.
www.wheaton.com
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WORLD’S FIRST AUTOMATED FOAM ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO ROSS-MILES
KRÜSS’ Ross Miles Foam Analyzer – RMFA is the world’s first instrument for measuring foam height electronically according to the ASTM D 1173 standard, which is commonly referred to for investigating foamability. Measurements with the RMFA are distinguished by high repeatability, large sample throughput and convenient data handling. According to the standard, the foam height is measured as soon as the reservoir is empty and also after 60, 180 and 300 seconds. Up to now, the height and time were recorded manually with results affected by a corresponding uncertainty. With the RMFA, this belongs to the past. The electronic height detection ensures improved repeatability and, with a resolution of 0.4 mm, achieves a previously unattainable precision. As well as the foam height, the instrument also records the height of the liquid. This provides additional information about drainage which is not obtained with a manual measurement.
As well as improved reproducibility and accuracy, electronic data measurement also saves a lot of time, as the measurement no longer has to be followed live. The user therefore gains five minutes with every foam analysis, which he can use to prepare the next surfactant solution.
www.kruss.de/products/foam-analysis/ross-miles-foam-analyzer-rmfa
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Dry adhesive holds in extreme cold, strengthens in extreme heat
Researchers from Case Western Reserve University, Dayton Air Force Research Laboratory and China have developed a new dry adhesive that bonds in extreme temperatures-a quality that could make the product ideal for space exploration and beyond.
The gecko-inspired adhesive loses no traction in temperatures as cold as liquid nitrogen or as hot as molten silver, and actually gets stickier as heat increases, the researchers report.
The research, which builds on earlier development of a single-sided dry adhesive tape based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, is published in the journal Nature Communications. As far as the researchers know, no other dry adhesive is capable of working at such temperature extremes.
Liming Dai, professor of macromolecular science and engineering at Case Western Reserve and an author of the study teamed with Ming Xu, a senior research associate at Case School of Engineering and visiting scholar from Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Feng Du, senior research associate in Case Western Reserve’s Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering; and Sabyasachi Ganguli and Ajit Roy, of the Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory.
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes with tops bundled into nodes replicate the microscopic hairs on the foot of the wall-walking reptile and remain stable from -320 degrees Fahrenheit to 1,832 degrees, the scientists say.
“When you have aligned nanotubes with bundled tops penetrating into the cavities of the surface, you generate sufficient van der Waal’s forces to hold,” Xu said. “The dry adhesive doesn’t lose adhesion as it cools because the surface doesn’t change. But when you heat the surface, the surface becomes rougher, physically locking the nanotubes in place, leading to stronger adhesion as temperatures increase.”
Because the adhesive remains useful over such a wide range of temperatures, the inventors say it is ideally suited for use in space, where the shade can be frigid and exposure to the sun blazing hot.
In addition to range, the bonding agent offers properties that could add to its utility. The adhesive conducts heat and electricity, and these properties also increase with temperature. “When applied as a double-sided sticky tape, the adhesive can be used to link electrical components together and also for electrical and thermal management,” Roy said.
“This adhesive can thus be used as connecting materials to enhance the performance of electronics at high temperatures,” Dai said. “At room temperature, the double-sided carbon nanotube tape held as strongly as commercial tape on various rough surfaces, including paper, wood, plastic films and painted walls, showing potential use as conducting adhesives in home appliances and wall-climbing robots.”
Holding strength
In testing, a double-sided tape made with the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) applied between two layers of copper foil had an adhesive strength of about 37 newtons per cm-2 at room temperature, about the same as a commercial double-sided sticky tape.
Unlike the commercial tape, which loses adhesion as it freezes or is heated, the CNT adhesive maintained its strength down to -320 degrees Fahrenheit. The adhesive strength more than doubled at 785 degrees Fahrenheit and was about six times as strong at 1891 degrees.
Surprised by the increasing adhesive strength, the researchers used a scanning electron microscope to search for the cause. They found that, as the bundled nodes penetrate the surface cavities, the flexible nanotubes no longer remain vertically aligned but collapse into web-like structures.
The action appears to enhance the van der Waal’s forces due to an increased contact surface area with the collapsed nanotubes.
Looking further, the researchers found that as the temperature increased above 392 degrees Fahrenheit, the surface of the copper foil became increasingly rough. The bundled ends and collapsed nanotubes appear to penetrate deeper into the heat-induced irregularities in the surface, increasing adhesion. The researchers dub this adhesion mechanism “nano-interlocking.”
The adhesive held strong during hundreds of temperature transition cycles between ambient temperature and -320 degrees then up to 1891 degrees and between the cold extreme and ambient temperature.
Copper foil, which was used for many of the tests to demonstrate the potential for thermal management, is not unique. The surface of many other materials, including polymer films and other metal foils, roughen when heat is applied, making them good targets for this kind of adhesive, the team suggests.
Source: Case Western University website
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Team finds new way to attach lipids to proteins, streamlining drug development
Protein-based drugs are used in the treatment of every kind of malady, from cancer to heart disease to rheumatoid arthritis. But the proteins are almost always modified with chemical appendages that help them navigate through the body or target specific tissues. A new study reveals an efficient means of attaching lipids (fat molecules) to peptides (the building blocks of proteins). This can improve the molecules’ drug-delivery capabilities. The new findings are reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. “Medicinal chemistry has focused on using peptides as scaffolds for drugs because of the ease of their production and the chemical diversity of their amino-acid building blocks,” said University of Illinois biochemistry professor Satish K. Nair, who led the new research with Thomas Cheatham and Eric Schmidt of the University of Utah. “However, peptides are generally ineffective drugs because they are poorly absorbed, cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier and are easily broken down,” Nair said. Attaching lipids “improves all of these properties, enabling peptides to be more druglike,” he said. Current methods for attaching lipids to peptides require the use of either harsh chemical solvents or expensive biological catalysts. Nair and his colleagues focused on a little-known group of enzymes isolated from water-dwelling bacteria that have the remarkable ability to add lipids to a wide variety of proteins. The team performed a series of experiments on one family of these enzymes to discover how they recognize and interact with the peptides they modify. The researchers discovered that one type of enzyme recognizes a simple, two-amino-acid sequence within its target proteins. They added this motif to two peptides selected at random and exposed the peptides to the enzyme. This caused the enzyme to add a lipid appendage to the proteins. The transformation was fast and efficient. “Now that we have a very efficient way of attaching lipids to peptides, this opens up the possibility of using this approach to make large libraries of molecules that are more druglike than peptides,” Nair said.
Source: University of Illinois website
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Glow-in-the-dark dye could fuel liquid-based batteries
Could a glow-in-the-dark dye be the next advancement in energy storage technology? Scientists at the University at Buffalo think so.
They have identified a fluorescent dye called BODIPY as an ideal material for stockpiling energy in rechargeable, liquid-based batteries that could one day power cars and homes.
BODIPY - short for boron-dipyrromethene - shines brightly in the dark under a black light.
But the traits that facilitate energy storage are less visible. According to new research, the dye has unusual chemical properties that enable it to excel at two key tasks: storing electrons and participating in electron transfer. Batteries must perform these functions to save and deliver energy, and BODIPY is very good at them.
In experiments, a BODIPY-based test battery operated efficiently and with longevity, running well after researchers drained and recharged it 100 times.
“As the world becomes more reliant on alternative energy sources, one of the huge questions we have is, 'How do we store energy?’ What happens when the sun goes down at night, or when the wind stops?” says lead researcher Timothy Cook, PhD, an assistant professor of chemistry in the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences.
“All these energy sources are intermittent, so we need batteries that can store enough energy to power the average house.”
The research was published on Nov. 16 in ChemSusChem, an academic journal devoted to topics at the intersection of chemistry and sustainability.
A dye-based battery of the future
BODIPY is a promising material for a liquid-based battery called a “redox flow battery.”
These fluid-filled power cells present several advantages over those made from conventional materials.
Lithium-ion batteries, for example, are risky in that they can catch fire if they break open, Cook says. The dye-based batteries would not have this problem; if they ruptured, they would simply leak, he says.
Redox flow batteries can also be easily enlarged to store more energy — enough to allow a homeowner to power a solar house overnight, for instance, or to enable a utility company to stockpile wind energy for peak usage times. This matters because scaling up has been a challenge for many other proposed battery technologies.
How BODIPY works in a battery
Redox flow batteries consist of two tanks of fluids separated by various barriers.
When the battery is being used, electrons are harvested from one tank and moved to the other, generating an electric current that - in theory - could power devices as small as a flashlight or as big as a house. To recharge the battery, you would use a solar, wind or other energy source to force the electrons back into the original tank, where they would be available to do their job again.
A redox flow battery’s effectiveness depends on the chemical properties of the fluids in each tank.
“The library of molecules used in redox flow batteries is currently small but is expected to grow significantly in coming years,” Cook says. “Our research identifies BODIPY dye as a promising candidate.”
In experiments, Cook’s team filled both tanks of a redox flow battery with the same solution: a powdered BODIPY dye called PM 567 dissolved in liquid.
Within this cocktail, the BODIPY compounds displayed a notable quality: They were able to give up and receive an electron without degrading as many other chemicals do. This trait enabled the dye to store electrons and facilitate their transfer between the battery’s two ends during repeated cycles - 100 - of charging and draining.
Based on the experiments, scientists also predict that BODIPY batteries would be powerful enough to be useful to society, generating an estimated 2.3 volts of electricity.
The study focused on PM 567, different varieties of BODIPY share chemical properties, so it’s likely that other BOPIDY dyes would also make good energy storage candidates, Cook says.
The research team included first author Anjula M. Kosswattaarachchi, a UB chemistry PhD student, and Alan Friedman, PhD, a UB research assistant professor in chemistry. The study was funded by UB, The Research Foundation for The State University of New York, and the National Center for Research Resources, part of the National Institutes of Health.
Source: Buffalo Univeristy website
